ec2 instances
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r5d EC2 instance family

Intel Xeon Platinum 8259CL at 3.1 GHz, x86_64, 2 to 96 vCPUs, 16 to 768 GiB

Prices Description Specs Performance ranking Available Regions Prices by region
Open r5d in the finder →
r5d prices per hour on Linux/UNIX, each type in its cheapest region
Type vCPU Memory Typical spot On-demand Cheapest region Per vCPU-hour
r5d.large2 vCPU, 16 GiB 2 16 GiB $0.0173 $0.1510 ap-south-2 of 28 $0.00866
r5d.xlarge4 vCPU, 32 GiB 4 32 GiB $0.0302 $0.3020 ap-south-2 of 28 $0.00755
r5d.2xlarge8 vCPU, 64 GiB 8 64 GiB $0.0607 $0.6040 ap-south-2 of 28 $0.00758
r5d.4xlarge16 vCPU, 128 GiB 16 128 GiB $0.1208 $1.208 ap-south-2 of 28 $0.00755
r5d.8xlarge32 vCPU, 256 GiB 32 256 GiB $0.2416 $2.416 ap-south-2 of 28 $0.00755
r5d.12xlarge48 vCPU, 384 GiB 48 384 GiB $0.3624 $3.624 ap-south-2 of 28 $0.00755
r5d.16xlarge64 vCPU, 512 GiB 64 512 GiB $0.4832 $4.832 ap-south-2 of 28 $0.00755
r5d.24xlarge96 vCPU, 768 GiB 96 768 GiB $0.7248 $7.248 ap-south-2 of 28 $0.00755
r5d.metal96 vCPU, 768 GiB 96 768 GiB $0.7248 $7.248 ap-south-2 of 28 $0.00755

Per hour on Linux/UNIX, in each type's cheapest region. Typical spot: per pricing run of the last 7 days, the cheapest zone's spot price, averaged, as the finder shows it with that region selected. On-demand: the same region's price. Per vCPU-hour: the spot price, or without spot the on-demand price, per vCPU. Every region is under Prices by region.

The R5d memory-optimized instance family was generally available on July 25, 2018, featuring Intel Xeon Platinum 8000 series processors, such as the 8259CL, with a sustained all-core turbo frequency of up to 3.1 GHz. Built on the AWS Nitro System, R5d instances include high-speed local NVMe SSD instance storage, offering up to 3.6 TB for I/O intensive workloads. They provide up to 25 Gbps of network bandwidth, making them suitable for high-performance databases and in-memory analytics.

Written by Gemini from web sources and not checked: the specs and prices on this page come from AWS.

Instance Types
r5d.large r5d.xlarge r5d.2xlarge r5d.4xlarge r5d.8xlarge r5d.12xlarge r5d.16xlarge r5d.24xlarge r5d.metal
vCPUs
2 to 96
Memory
16 to 768 GiB
Architecture
x86_64
Processor
Intel Xeon Platinum 8259CL
Sustained clock
3.1 GHz
Single-thread PassMark
1693 measured on r5d, 2025-11-20
Specs of each type
Type vCPU Memory Local storage Network EBS
r5d.large 2 16 GiB 75 GB NVMe SSD up to 10 (0.75 baseline) up to 4.75 (0.65 baseline)
r5d.xlarge 4 32 GiB 150 GB NVMe SSD up to 10 (1.25 baseline) up to 4.75 (1.15 baseline)
r5d.2xlarge 8 64 GiB 300 GB NVMe SSD up to 10 (2.5 baseline) up to 4.75 (2.3 baseline)
r5d.4xlarge 16 128 GiB 2 × 300 GB NVMe SSD up to 10 (5 baseline) 4.75
r5d.8xlarge 32 256 GiB 2 × 600 GB NVMe SSD 10 6.8
r5d.12xlarge 48 384 GiB 2 × 900 GB NVMe SSD 12 9.5
r5d.16xlarge 64 512 GiB 4 × 600 GB NVMe SSD 20 13.6
r5d.24xlarge 96 768 GiB 4 × 900 GB NVMe SSD 25 19
r5d.metal 96 768 GiB 4 × 900 GB NVMe SSD 25 19

Network and EBS: peak bandwidth in Gbit/s, with the bandwidth the type sustains when it is lower. Local storage: the instance store, in decimal GB as AWS sizes it.

Ranked by PassMark single-thread score
All x86_64 arm64
#1
m8azn, x8aedz
4257
#3
m8a, c8a, hpc8a, r8a
3803 3801–3803
#7
m8i, m8ib, m8id, m8in, m8idb, m8idn, m8ine, m8i-flex, c8i, c8i-flex, c8ib, c8id, c8in, c8ine, r8i, r8i-flex, r8ib, r8id, r8idb, r8idn, r8in, t8i, x8i
3271 3243–3271
#30
i7i, r7iz
3115 3105–3115
#32
m7a, c7a, c7i, hpc7a, r7a
2955 2875–2955
#37
m7i, r7i
2816 2763–2816
#39
c7i-flex
2700
#40
m6a, m5zn, m7i-flex, c6a, hpc6a, i7ie, r6a, x2iezn
2596 2549–2596
#48
m6i, m6id, m6in, m6idn, c6i, c6id, c6in, hpc6id, i4i, r6i, r6id, r6idn, r6in, x2idn, x2iedn, z1d
2303 2269–2303
#64
c5a, c5ad, c5d
2034 1995–2034
#67
m5d, c5, c5n
1901 1853–1901
#70
m5dn, c4, r5dn, r5n, t2, t3
1777 1746–1777
#76
m5, m5n, i3en, r5, r5b, r5d
1703 1686–1703
#82
m4, c3, i3
1625 1582–1625
#85
r3, r4
1539 1525–1539
#87
m5a, m5ad, r5a, r5ad, t3a
1414 1388–1414

Not benchmarked yet 44

These families have no PassMark single-thread score yet, so they are not ranked.

c1, d2, d3, d3en, dl2q, f2, g4dn, g5, g6, g6e, g6f, g7, g7e, gr6, gr6f, h1, i2, inf1, inf2, m1, m2, m3, mac1, p3dn, p4d, p4de, p5, p5en, p6-b200, p6-b300, t1, trn1, trn1n, u-3tb1, u-6tb1, u7i-12tb, u7i-6tb, u7i-8tb, u7in-16tb, u7in-24tb, u7in-32tb, vt1, x1, x1e

28 regions with a price in the last 7 days. Select up to 4 to compare them in the price history charts under Prices by region.

Atom feed for new regions

Each type's regions on Linux/UNIX, cheapest first, with the same figures as the Prices table, and its price history: the daily mean of every zone and pricing run, over the last 15 UTC days. Each price column is tinted from its cheapest region (green) to its most expensive (red).

r5d.large2 vCPU, 16 GiB, 28 regions
r5d.large prices per hour on Linux/UNIX, by region, cheapest first
Region Typical spot On-demand Spot saving
ap-south-2 Hyderabad $0.0173 $0.1510 89%
ap-southeast-3 Jakarta $0.0174 $0.1740 90%
eu-south-2 Spain $0.0177 $0.1600 89%
eu-north-1 Stockholm $0.0200 $0.1520 87%
us-east-2 Ohio $0.0273 $0.1440 81%
sa-east-1 São Paulo $0.0327 $0.2280 86%
ap-northeast-2 Seoul $0.0343 $0.1730 80%
eu-south-1 Milan $0.0348 $0.1680 79%
af-south-1 Cape Town $0.0374 $0.1900 80%
ap-east-1 Hong Kong $0.0392 $0.1750 78%
eu-central-2 Zurich $0.0400 $0.1900 79%
ca-central-1 Canada Central $0.0452 $0.1580 71%
us-west-1 N. California $0.0455 $0.1620 72%
ap-southeast-4 Melbourne $0.0458 $0.1740 74%
ap-south-1 Mumbai $0.0460 $0.1510 70%
eu-west-2 London $0.0461 $0.1690 73%
eu-west-3 Paris $0.0483 $0.1690 71%
us-west-2 Oregon $0.0526 $0.1440 64%
us-east-1 N. Virginia $0.0530 $0.1440 63%
il-central-1 Tel Aviv $0.0594 $0.1680 65%
ap-southeast-2 Sydney $0.0613 $0.1740 65%
ap-northeast-1 Tokyo $0.0615 $0.1740 65%
ap-southeast-1 Singapore $0.0635 $0.1740 64%
ap-northeast-3 Osaka $0.0660 $0.1740 62%
eu-west-1 Ireland $0.0667 $0.1600 58%
me-central-1 UAE $0.0721 $0.1760 59%
eu-central-1 Frankfurt $0.0739 $0.1730 57%
me-south-1 Bahrain no spot $0.1760
Solid: spot, the daily mean of all zones (the typical spot above takes the cheapest zone). Dashed: on-demand. UTC days.
r5d.xlarge4 vCPU, 32 GiB, 28 regions
r5d.xlarge prices per hour on Linux/UNIX, by region, cheapest first
Region Typical spot On-demand Spot saving
ap-south-2 Hyderabad $0.0302 $0.3020 90%
eu-south-2 Spain $0.0320 $0.3200 90%
ap-southeast-3 Jakarta $0.0348 $0.3480 90%
eu-north-1 Stockholm $0.0441 $0.3040 86%
eu-south-1 Milan $0.0655 $0.3360 80%
ap-northeast-2 Seoul $0.0656 $0.3460 81%
ap-southeast-4 Melbourne $0.0656 $0.3480 81%
sa-east-1 São Paulo $0.0681 $0.4560 85%
us-east-2 Ohio $0.0854 $0.2880 70%
eu-central-2 Zurich $0.0872 $0.3810 77%
ap-northeast-3 Osaka $0.0936 $0.3480 73%
af-south-1 Cape Town $0.0937 $0.3800 75%
ap-east-1 Hong Kong $0.0964 $0.3500 72%
eu-west-2 London $0.1148 $0.3380 66%
ca-central-1 Canada Central $0.1157 $0.3160 63%
il-central-1 Tel Aviv $0.1185 $0.3360 65%
us-west-1 N. California $0.1213 $0.3240 63%
us-west-2 Oregon $0.1255 $0.2880 56%
ap-south-1 Mumbai $0.1307 $0.3020 57%
ap-southeast-2 Sydney $0.1321 $0.3480 62%
eu-west-3 Paris $0.1373 $0.3380 59%
ap-northeast-1 Tokyo $0.1377 $0.3480 60%
ap-southeast-1 Singapore $0.1432 $0.3480 59%
me-central-1 UAE $0.1441 $0.3520 59%
us-east-1 N. Virginia $0.1449 $0.2880 50%
eu-west-1 Ireland $0.1549 $0.3200 52%
eu-central-1 Frankfurt $0.1672 $0.3460 52%
me-south-1 Bahrain no spot $0.3520
Solid: spot, the daily mean of all zones (the typical spot above takes the cheapest zone). Dashed: on-demand. UTC days.
r5d.2xlarge8 vCPU, 64 GiB, 28 regions
r5d.2xlarge prices per hour on Linux/UNIX, by region, cheapest first
Region Typical spot On-demand Spot saving
ap-south-2 Hyderabad $0.0607 $0.6040 90%
eu-south-2 Spain $0.0640 $0.6400 90%
ap-southeast-3 Jakarta $0.0696 $0.6960 90%
eu-north-1 Stockholm $0.1052 $0.6080 83%
ap-northeast-2 Seoul $0.1138 $0.6920 84%
eu-central-2 Zurich $0.1224 $0.7610 84%
ap-southeast-4 Melbourne $0.1313 $0.6960 81%
sa-east-1 São Paulo $0.1323 $0.9120 85%
il-central-1 Tel Aviv $0.1337 $0.6720 80%
eu-south-1 Milan $0.1456 $0.6720 78%
us-east-2 Ohio $0.1542 $0.5760 73%
ap-east-1 Hong Kong $0.1869 $0.7000 73%
ap-northeast-3 Osaka $0.2118 $0.6960 70%
ap-south-1 Mumbai $0.2299 $0.6040 62%
eu-west-3 Paris $0.2418 $0.6760 64%
ca-central-1 Canada Central $0.2535 $0.6320 60%
eu-west-2 London $0.2622 $0.6760 61%
us-west-1 N. California $0.2665 $0.6480 59%
ap-northeast-1 Tokyo $0.2710 $0.6960 61%
us-west-2 Oregon $0.2732 $0.5760 53%
af-south-1 Cape Town $0.2767 $0.7600 64%
me-central-1 UAE $0.2882 $0.7040 59%
us-east-1 N. Virginia $0.2998 $0.5760 48%
ap-southeast-1 Singapore $0.3043 $0.6960 56%
ap-southeast-2 Sydney $0.3069 $0.6960 56%
eu-west-1 Ireland $0.3324 $0.6400 48%
eu-central-1 Frankfurt $0.3451 $0.6920 50%
me-south-1 Bahrain no spot $0.7040
Solid: spot, the daily mean of all zones (the typical spot above takes the cheapest zone). Dashed: on-demand. UTC days.
r5d.4xlarge16 vCPU, 128 GiB, 28 regions
r5d.4xlarge prices per hour on Linux/UNIX, by region, cheapest first
Region Typical spot On-demand Spot saving
ap-south-2 Hyderabad $0.1208 $1.208 90%
eu-south-2 Spain $0.1280 $1.280 90%
ap-southeast-3 Jakarta $0.1392 $1.392 90%
eu-north-1 Stockholm $0.1647 $1.216 86%
ap-northeast-2 Seoul $0.1855 $1.384 87%
ap-southeast-4 Melbourne $0.2343 $1.392 83%
eu-central-2 Zurich $0.2433 $1.522 84%
us-east-2 Ohio $0.2741 $1.152 76%
ap-east-1 Hong Kong $0.2866 $1.400 80%
ap-northeast-3 Osaka $0.3704 $1.392 73%
ap-south-1 Mumbai $0.3975 $1.208 67%
eu-west-3 Paris $0.4111 $1.352 70%
eu-west-2 London $0.4241 $1.352 69%
il-central-1 Tel Aviv $0.4555 $1.344 66%
af-south-1 Cape Town $0.4612 $1.520 70%
eu-south-1 Milan $0.4720 $1.344 65%
ca-central-1 Canada Central $0.5032 $1.264 60%
ap-southeast-2 Sydney $0.5035 $1.392 64%
ap-northeast-1 Tokyo $0.5188 $1.392 63%
us-west-2 Oregon $0.5350 $1.152 54%
us-west-1 N. California $0.5654 $1.296 56%
us-east-1 N. Virginia $0.5684 $1.152 51%
me-central-1 UAE $0.5764 $1.408 59%
ap-southeast-1 Singapore $0.6134 $1.392 56%
eu-central-1 Frankfurt $0.6533 $1.384 53%
eu-west-1 Ireland $0.6574 $1.280 49%
sa-east-1 São Paulo $0.9256 $1.824 49%
me-south-1 Bahrain no spot $1.408
Solid: spot, the daily mean of all zones (the typical spot above takes the cheapest zone). Dashed: on-demand. UTC days.
r5d.8xlarge32 vCPU, 256 GiB, 28 regions
r5d.8xlarge prices per hour on Linux/UNIX, by region, cheapest first
Region Typical spot On-demand Spot saving
ap-south-2 Hyderabad $0.2416 $2.416 90%
eu-south-2 Spain $0.2560 $2.560 90%
ap-southeast-3 Jakarta $0.2784 $2.784 90%
eu-north-1 Stockholm $0.3197 $2.432 87%
ap-east-1 Hong Kong $0.4379 $2.800 84%
eu-central-2 Zurich $0.4559 $3.045 85%
eu-south-1 Milan $0.4598 $2.688 83%
ap-southeast-4 Melbourne $0.4729 $2.784 83%
ap-northeast-2 Seoul $0.5543 $2.768 80%
us-east-2 Ohio $0.5671 $2.304 75%
il-central-1 Tel Aviv $0.6936 $2.688 74%
us-west-1 N. California $0.7379 $2.592 72%
us-east-1 N. Virginia $0.7637 $2.304 67%
ca-central-1 Canada Central $0.7657 $2.528 70%
ap-northeast-3 Osaka $0.7774 $2.784 72%
eu-west-3 Paris $0.9077 $2.704 66%
ap-northeast-1 Tokyo $0.9575 $2.784 66%
ap-south-1 Mumbai $0.9730 $2.416 60%
us-west-2 Oregon $0.9801 $2.304 57%
af-south-1 Cape Town $0.9973 $3.040 67%
ap-southeast-1 Singapore $1.059 $2.784 62%
me-central-1 UAE $1.153 $2.816 59%
eu-central-1 Frankfurt $1.167 $2.768 58%
ap-southeast-2 Sydney $1.231 $2.784 56%
eu-west-2 London $1.381 $2.704 49%
eu-west-1 Ireland $1.497 $2.560 42%
sa-east-1 São Paulo $2.561 $3.648 30%
me-south-1 Bahrain no spot $2.816
Solid: spot, the daily mean of all zones (the typical spot above takes the cheapest zone). Dashed: on-demand. UTC days.
r5d.12xlarge48 vCPU, 384 GiB, 28 regions
r5d.12xlarge prices per hour on Linux/UNIX, by region, cheapest first
Region Typical spot On-demand Spot saving
ap-south-2 Hyderabad $0.3624 $3.624 90%
eu-north-1 Stockholm $0.3648 $3.648 90%
eu-south-2 Spain $0.3840 $3.840 90%
il-central-1 Tel Aviv $0.4032 $4.032 90%
ap-southeast-3 Jakarta $0.4176 $4.176 90%
ap-southeast-4 Melbourne $0.4176 $4.176 90%
eu-central-2 Zurich $0.4567 $4.567 90%
ap-east-1 Hong Kong $0.5168 $4.200 88%
ap-northeast-2 Seoul $0.5355 $4.152 87%
us-west-1 N. California $0.6451 $3.888 83%
ca-central-1 Canada Central $0.7350 $3.792 81%
eu-west-3 Paris $0.7375 $4.056 82%
af-south-1 Cape Town $0.7387 $4.560 84%
us-east-2 Ohio $0.7707 $3.456 78%
eu-south-1 Milan $0.7772 $4.032 81%
ap-south-1 Mumbai $0.8441 $3.624 77%
ap-northeast-1 Tokyo $0.9118 $4.176 78%
us-east-1 N. Virginia $1.018 $3.456 71%
ap-northeast-3 Osaka $1.092 $4.176 74%
eu-west-2 London $1.141 $4.056 72%
ap-southeast-2 Sydney $1.313 $4.176 69%
us-west-2 Oregon $1.452 $3.456 58%
ap-southeast-1 Singapore $1.463 $4.176 65%
eu-central-1 Frankfurt $1.512 $4.152 64%
eu-west-1 Ireland $1.632 $3.840 58%
me-central-1 UAE $1.729 $4.224 59%
sa-east-1 São Paulo $3.501 $5.472 36%
me-south-1 Bahrain no spot $4.224
Solid: spot, the daily mean of all zones (the typical spot above takes the cheapest zone). Dashed: on-demand. UTC days.
r5d.16xlarge64 vCPU, 512 GiB, 28 regions
r5d.16xlarge prices per hour on Linux/UNIX, by region, cheapest first
Region Typical spot On-demand Spot saving
ap-south-2 Hyderabad $0.4832 $4.832 90%
eu-south-2 Spain $0.5120 $5.120 90%
ap-southeast-3 Jakarta $0.5568 $5.568 90%
ap-southeast-4 Melbourne $0.5568 $5.568 90%
ap-east-1 Hong Kong $0.6778 $5.600 88%
us-west-1 N. California $0.7767 $5.184 85%
ca-central-1 Canada Central $0.9134 $5.056 82%
eu-central-2 Zurich $0.9215 $6.090 85%
ap-northeast-2 Seoul $0.9440 $5.536 83%
eu-north-1 Stockholm $0.9765 $4.864 80%
eu-south-1 Milan $0.9791 $5.376 82%
il-central-1 Tel Aviv $0.9911 $5.376 82%
eu-west-3 Paris $1.048 $5.408 81%
us-east-1 N. Virginia $1.103 $4.608 76%
af-south-1 Cape Town $1.136 $6.080 81%
ap-northeast-1 Tokyo $1.198 $5.568 78%
us-east-2 Ohio $1.313 $4.608 72%
ap-northeast-3 Osaka $1.451 $5.568 74%
ap-south-1 Mumbai $1.490 $4.832 69%
us-west-2 Oregon $1.799 $4.608 61%
eu-central-1 Frankfurt $1.933 $5.536 65%
ap-southeast-2 Sydney $1.954 $5.568 65%
ap-southeast-1 Singapore $1.967 $5.568 65%
eu-west-2 London $2.062 $5.408 62%
eu-west-1 Ireland $2.235 $5.120 56%
me-central-1 UAE $2.306 $5.632 59%
sa-east-1 São Paulo $4.368 $7.296 40%
me-south-1 Bahrain no spot $5.632
Solid: spot, the daily mean of all zones (the typical spot above takes the cheapest zone). Dashed: on-demand. UTC days.
r5d.24xlarge96 vCPU, 768 GiB, 28 regions
r5d.24xlarge prices per hour on Linux/UNIX, by region, cheapest first
Region Typical spot On-demand Spot saving
ap-south-2 Hyderabad $0.7248 $7.248 90%
eu-south-2 Spain $0.7680 $7.680 90%
il-central-1 Tel Aviv $0.8064 $8.064 90%
ap-southeast-3 Jakarta $0.8352 $8.352 90%
ap-southeast-4 Melbourne $0.8352 $8.352 90%
ap-east-1 Hong Kong $0.8426 $8.400 90%
eu-central-2 Zurich $0.9134 $9.134 90%
eu-north-1 Stockholm $0.9603 $7.296 87%
ca-central-1 Canada Central $1.190 $7.584 84%
us-west-1 N. California $1.213 $7.776 84%
af-south-1 Cape Town $1.489 $9.120 84%
eu-south-1 Milan $1.491 $8.064 82%
ap-northeast-1 Tokyo $1.548 $8.352 81%
us-east-2 Ohio $1.710 $6.912 75%
us-east-1 N. Virginia $2.109 $6.912 69%
eu-west-3 Paris $2.126 $8.112 74%
ap-northeast-3 Osaka $2.207 $8.352 74%
ap-northeast-2 Seoul $2.463 $8.304 70%
ap-south-1 Mumbai $2.511 $7.248 65%
eu-central-1 Frankfurt $2.579 $8.304 69%
eu-west-2 London $3.005 $8.112 63%
eu-west-1 Ireland $3.037 $7.680 60%
ap-southeast-1 Singapore $3.059 $8.352 63%
us-west-2 Oregon $3.077 $6.912 55%
me-central-1 UAE $3.458 $8.448 59%
ap-southeast-2 Sydney $3.913 $8.352 53%
sa-east-1 São Paulo $5.769 $10.94 47%
me-south-1 Bahrain no spot $8.448
Solid: spot, the daily mean of all zones (the typical spot above takes the cheapest zone). Dashed: on-demand. UTC days.
r5d.metal96 vCPU, 768 GiB, 28 regions
r5d.metal prices per hour on Linux/UNIX, by region, cheapest first
Region Typical spot On-demand Spot saving
ap-south-2 Hyderabad $0.7248 $7.248 90%
eu-north-1 Stockholm $0.7296 $7.296 90%
eu-south-2 Spain $0.7680 $7.680 90%
il-central-1 Tel Aviv $0.8096 $8.064 90%
us-east-2 Ohio $0.8214 $6.912 88%
ap-southeast-3 Jakarta $0.8352 $8.352 90%
ap-southeast-4 Melbourne $0.8352 $8.352 90%
ap-northeast-2 Seoul $0.8938 $8.304 89%
eu-central-2 Zurich $0.9134 $9.134 90%
ap-east-1 Hong Kong $1.082 $8.400 87%
us-west-1 N. California $1.085 $7.776 86%
sa-east-1 São Paulo $1.094 $10.94 90%
ap-south-1 Mumbai $1.124 $7.248 84%
ca-central-1 Canada Central $1.236 $7.584 84%
eu-west-3 Paris $1.257 $8.112 85%
eu-south-1 Milan $1.331 $8.064 83%
us-west-2 Oregon $1.423 $6.912 79%
ap-northeast-1 Tokyo $1.496 $8.352 82%
af-south-1 Cape Town $1.650 $9.120 82%
us-east-1 N. Virginia $1.978 $6.912 71%
eu-central-1 Frankfurt $2.104 $8.304 75%
eu-west-2 London $2.130 $8.112 74%
ap-northeast-3 Osaka $2.255 $8.352 73%
ap-southeast-2 Sydney $2.657 $8.352 68%
eu-west-1 Ireland $3.104 $7.680 60%
ap-southeast-1 Singapore $3.294 $8.352 61%
me-central-1 UAE $3.458 $8.448 59%
me-south-1 Bahrain no spot $8.448
Solid: spot, the daily mean of all zones (the typical spot above takes the cheapest zone). Dashed: on-demand. UTC days.
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